Chapter Three – How do we identify and understand markets? 

As a student of marketing, you have already learned that the main purpose of 
modern marketing is to serve customers.  If the organization really believes in 
this philosophy, that is, "the Customer Rules," it only remains for the organization 
to focus on researching and understanding its customers and then delivering 
products and services to the customer that will not only meet the customer's 
needs, but satisfy the customer in a way that will keep the customer coming back 
to our organization to do business with us.  Therefore, often the first assignment 
for the marketing function is to gather and analyze information about customers.  
Today, that usually means first attempting to understand the structure of the 
marketplace.  

Understanding the Marketplace and Different Customer Segments 

The main goal of market segmentation (dividing the market into different 
portions based on differences in customers) is to better understand the 
needs of our customers thus we need a structured approach to attain this goal.  
A simple seven-step approach follows:
	
	Step One: Identify the type of market with which you will be dealing

Step Two: Analyze the areas of satisfaction you are attempting to provide 
to this market, that is, what wants or needs do you intend to satisfy?
	
Step Three: Select dimensions with which to segment the market

Step Four: Based on the selected dimensions, identify the segments in 
the market under study

Step Five: Evaluate whether the segment in which you are interested          
meets the four criteria for effective segmentation

Step Six: Create a profile of the customer identified including purchasing 
behavior expectations

Step Seven: Combine the segmentation analysis with other analyses 
related to the product, market, and business strategy.

Step One: Identify the type of market with which you will be dealing

Types of Markets

Market segmentation is an approach by which we identify, define, and 
understand different sub-markets for products and services.  For example, the 
automobile market is comprised of many segments including passenger cars, 
vans, sports utility vehicles, pickup trucks, and many others.  Notice, that if you 
choose one segment, for example, passenger cars, there are many segments 
within that segment (for example, Two-door sports sedans, four-door station 
wagons, convertibles, etc.). The first step to market segmentation is 
understanding and defining the market with which you are working.  For example, 
if we examine the market for toothpaste, we might first look at the type of market 
we are looking at.  Normally, in marketing, we can identify four types of markets.

1.	consumer markets – people who buy for their own, personal non-
business use (for example, you buy a lawnmower at Wal-Mart to mow 
your own yard). 
2.	organizational markets – organizations buy goods and services for use 
in the operation of their businesses or for resale.  For example, 
Compaq computer buys many of its microprocessors from Intel 
Corporation and your local dentist must obtain supplies and materials 
to provide his/her services to patients.
3.	government markets – Local, state, and federal governments taken 
together constitute for the largest demand for goods and services in 
the U.S.  For example, your local police department must buy patrol 
cars.
4.	institutional markets – these markets include universities, hospitals, 
and other similar organizations.  For example, a hospital cafeteria must 
purchase food and other supplies to run its operation.    

Note that each of these types of markets has demand for both goods (tangible 
products that we can touch, feel and see) and services (intangible products that 
we cannot touch, feel, and see).  After identifying the type of market, we can then 
begin to identify segments within that market.  For example, if we are analyzing 
the consumer market for toothpaste, we realize that there are many segments 
identified in that market already: health (that is, fluoride, tartar control, sensitive 
gums, and so forth), attractiveness (whitening, breath freshener, etc.), special 
needs (smokers' toothpaste, kids' toothpaste, etc.). Note that there are several 
different dimensions for segmenting markets. For example, the last category we 
mentioned 'special needs' includes both a lifestyle segment – smokers, and an 
age segment – children.  We will address this issue later in the chapter. 

Different types of markets often require a separate basis for market 
segmentation.  For example, we frequently use age as a way to understand and 
segment consumer markets because age often accounts for significant 
differences in the wants and needs of consumers.  For example, consider 
passenger cars.  Many people in their early years choose cars on the basis of 
styling, economy, acceleration, and, of course, price.  Seniors may choose their 
car based primarily on brand name and safety issues.  Thus age is often an 
important criterion in what satisfies a particular consumer.  However, age is 
rarely used to identify differences between organizations because usually, the 
age of an organization does not usually significantly impact its particular demand 
for products and services.  As in many cases in marketing, the exceptions to this 
statement only serve to prove the rule.

Step Two: Analyze the areas of satisfaction you are attempting to 
provide to this market, that is, what wants or needs do you intend to 
satisfy?

As we will discuss in following chapters, people and organizations usually 
purchase benefits: not products or product features. Therefore, market 
segmentation analysis requires a clear definition of the benefits customers are 
expecting to receive through purchase. For example, people buy vacuum 
cleaners to attain their personal goal of having a clean, sanitary carpet.  The form 
of the product doesn't matter as much as the product's ability to provide those 
benefits.  What would you do if you were marketing manager of a company that 
has vacuum cleaner bags as its sole product when more and more vacuums are 
'bagless?'  The implications for product design will be discussed in a later 
chapter. 

When deciding on how to distribute a product, one organization may choose the 
internet based on its customers' desire for efficiency in buying and familiarity with 
the world-wide web, while another organization may choose to distribute its 
products through a traditional retail outlet because the segment chosen prefers to 
'touch and feel' the product.   

For an additional example, consider a small gift shop.  If a market research study 
indicated that customers of the shop preferred a lot of assistance in the product 
choice process because over three-fourths of the products purchased in the store 
were purchased as gifts, the product would be distributed through a physical 
location within which the customer could compare alternatives. Thus, the primary 
benefits sought in this shop were finding a good gift idea with a sense of security 
against giving an inappropriate gift.  Notice that the store's owner might change 
from an inventory similar to her competitors to a differentiated set of product 
choices aimed at meeting her customers' purchasing goals of quality and 
uniqueness. 

Step Three: Select dimensions with which to segment the market

The dimensions used to segment the different types of markets will be organized 
according to type of market because the dimensions used for segmentation vary 
substantially.

Dimensions for Segmenting Consumer Markets

As discussed earlier, people in consumer markets buy for their own, personal 
non-business use, thus segmentation dimensions for this type of market focus on 
the characteristics of the buyer.  Four dimensions are traditionally used to 
segment consumer markets.  These dimensions are:

a.	demographic dimensions - demo' means people, and 'graphics' means 
some representation of thereof. So, demographics consists of all those 
characteristics of people that are used to describe the size and 
composition of the population including age, gender, amount of 
income, level of education, and other such attributes.
b.	psychographic dimensions - 'psycho' from Greek means 'spirit or mind' 
so while demographics deals with the statistical characteristics of the 
market segment, psychographics refers to the characteristics of 
peoples' spirits and minds.  For example, psychographics is usually 
broken down into personality, life style, and motivation.
c.	geographic dimensions – this dimension, not surprisingly, relates to 
where people live, for example, the demand for snow skis is higher in 
the mountainous states in the U.S. than it is in the plains states. 
d.	behavioristic (or intended use) – this dimension relates to benefits 
sought and expected use by the customer.  For example, many 
products are sold in multiple packages such as six-packs because 
customers expect to consume multiple units in relatively short periods 
of time.

Dimensions for Segmenting Organizational Markets

Customers in organizational markets buy products either to use in the operation 
of their business or to resell to other organizations. For example, Walmart must 
purchase cleaning products to keep Walmart Stores clean and attractive, but 
Walmart also buys cleaning products to sell to their customers.  Given this 
situation, different segmentation strategies are required based on the intended 
use of products bought by organizational customers.  Bases often used include:

a.	intended use of products bought
b.	expected benefits to be provided by products purchased
c.	size of organization
d.	SIC (or NAIC) code* of organization's or organization's products
e.	Other characteristics of organization or specific industry

*Standard Industrial Classification or North American Industry Classification 
System codes are numbers derived from the core business in which the 
organizations are engaged. These codes are useful for segmentation because all 
industrial activities are given a code in the U.S. This scheme has been widened 
to include Canada and Mexico subsequent to the NAFTA agreement.  Check out 
the website at http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/naics.html.


Step Four: Based on the selected dimensions, identify the segments 
in the market under study
 
After dimensions have been selected to use in defining the segments, segments 
then must be identified in the market under study.  For example, if we are trying 
to analyze the market for personal computers, we might choose to identify the 
following segments: desktop, laptop, PDA (personal digital assistant).  Which of 
the four dimensions did we use to create those segments?  Primarily, 
behavioristic (intended use), because portability and computing power are two 
important benefits sought by different pc users.   

Step Five: Evaluate whether the segment in which you are
interested meets the four criteria for effective segmentation

To be useful, an approach to segmenting markets, the segments must be:

1.	measurable (we can estimate how many people or organizations are in 
the segment)
2.	accessible (we can reach the segment through available means)
3.	compatible (the segment is consistent with the overall goals of the 
organization)
4.	substantial (the segment is large enough to justify our develop of 
products or services just for that segment) 

These four dimensions are helpful for understanding any market structure.  
However, we must first understand the market, itself.  For example, try using this 
information to analyze a market with which you are familiar.  Identify the different 
segments in that market and list the four factors above, and the concerns for 
each factor as it relates to the product or service you picked.  For example, 
segment the market for shampoo or soup, listing each criterion above followed by 
an explanation about how this characteristic will be present in the target market.

Step Six: Create a profile of the customer identified including 
predictions of expected purchasing behavior 

As one might expect, there is a large body of literature related to buying behavior 
in marketing because marketing focuses on the buyer and his/her characteristics. 
While we will cover parts of this literature the reader should realize that there are 
hundreds of thousands, if not millions of pages published in this area.     

Usually when we attempt to model the buying process of our target customer.  Of 
course, this process differs considerably across different types of markets as well 
as across different types of customers. 

Understanding the significance of the purchase for the target customer

Very often, marketers overestimate the importance of purchases to consumers.  
Naturally, if one researches, manufactures, and distributes a product to 
consumers, one is intimately involved with the product often virtually every 
working hour.  This circumstance often results in a heavy emphasis on customer 
decision-making when in fact the customer may only react on a very shallow 
psychological plane to products offered and the purchase decision is in reality 
almost an afterthought.  However, it is important for marketers to attempt to 
model the expected buyer behavior involved for their product.  We will discuss 
this issue further in the following chapter.

Marketing Strategy

We will define 'marketing strategy' as "a marketing mix aimed at a specific target 
market."  While this definition is a use of the 'lower level' of the term strategy, we 
believe that the definition is appropriate for beginning students in marketing.  If 
we look closer at this definition we can see that a marketing strategy is:   

A Marketing	Product or service
Mix			Price			AIMED AT a  ?    Target Market
Distribution (Place)
Promotion

We will use this definition throughout our study of marketing principles and you 
will soon become comfortable thinking in these terms.
 
Example of seven-step segmentation process
'Let's Get It Together' Family Organization Services

Step One: Identify the type of market with which you will be dealing

"The consumer market" 

Step Two: Analyze the areas of satisfaction you are attempting to 
provide to this market, that is, what wants or needs do you intend to 
satisfy?
	
"We seek to enhance family life for parents and children alike by providing 
	practical tools to improve organization in family life"

Step Three: Select dimensions with which to segment the market

Demographic, Psychographic, Geographic, Behavioristic 
(a note to the reader: segmentation doesn't always requires the use of all 
four of these factors in creating a profile, but we suggest you always use 
each dimension in your analysis, whether or not you decide to drop one 
later on in the process)

Step Four: Based on the selected dimensions, identify the segments 
in the market under study

Demographic – household income over $80,000, at least one parent is 
college educated, both parents work, two children or more in household
suburban location in medium to large city
Geographic – every geographic region of the U.S. has families who fit our 
profile, also see Demographic, above
Psychographic – 'busy or hectic' lifestyle as described by people in 
segment
	Behavioristic – family perceives life is 'too hurried, too complicated, too 
	little quality time together'		      	   	

(Please note: Our marketing research studies indicated these facts and allowed us 
to formulate our customer profile)

Step Five: Evaluate whether the segment in which you are interested          
meets the four criteria for effective segmentation

Measurable – we were able to assess this segment and understand by 
using only the census data published by the U.S. Bureau of the Census
(Website is http://www.census.gov/ )
Accessible – we can easily identify and communicate with households in 
profile.  However, selecting specific households that may want our service 
is much more difficult. 
Compatible – our organizational mission is aimed at serving this segment, 
so, yes, the segment is compatible with our organization and other 
products/services
Substantive – our research and projections indicate that there are millions 
of households in our target market.  Therefore, we are starting our service 
in one city and expanding the service over the coming years.

Step Six: Create a profile of the customer identified including 
purchasing behavior predictions

See Step Four above.  Also, we know that purchase behavior is a high
involvement transaction for our target families.
 
Step Seven: Combine the segmentation analysis with other analyses 
related to the product and market

While we believe our concept has a lot of promise, we must continue to 
flesh it out and do research.  Organizational research will continue while 
we conceptualize and offer our first seminars to keep track of changes in 
the social environment of our chosen geographic markets.  We will also 
maintain a research effort with all people contacted in relation to our 
concept including families who participate, healthcare professionals, and 
community leaders.




Chapter Three Exercises


1.	Summarize in a one-page report what you find after you get on the 
internet and search the keyword 'market segmentation.'  Organize your 
answer according to the different categories you find in your search.
2.	Go to your local grocery store or supermarket and visit a specific 
product section. Breakfast cereal, bread, and personal care products 
are three good areas, but there are many others.  Pick a product 
category that is of interest to you. Observe the products offered and 
identify product categories that are based on different consumer 
segments, in your opinion.  Prepare a one-page report on your 
findings.
3.	Using the four dimensions of segmentation for consumer markets, 
describe a market segment with which you are familiar.  In this 
exercise, list each of the four dimensions and describe the segment 
with those dimensions. For example, the market segment that Saturn 
Automobiles has worked towards pleasing is men and women with a 
college education, in the middle-income category. They lead a 
relatively frugal lifestyle and seek economy and quality in their 
purchases.
4.	Check out the website of American Demographics Magazine at 
http://www.americandemographics.com/.  Read an article and write a  
one-page summary of the article and its relevance to marketing. 
5.	If you have an industry of interest, explore the markets and types of 
customers served by that industry. (For example, the local utility 
company may be owned by government, so as a customer it will be 
considered a government market.)  
6.	Apply the seven-step process of market segmentation to a new 
product idea that you conceive listing your activities and comments in  
each step in the process.
7.	Do an internet search on each of the four dimensions of market 
segmenting consumer markets (demographics, psychographics, 
geographics, and behavioristics) to compare your findings to the 
material in your Principles of Marketing e-book.
8.	Apply the PIMC planning model (planning, implementation, monitoring, 
evaluation, correction) to a club to which you belong.  Identify each 
step clearly.
9.	Write a job description for a manager of the marketing function.  How 
does it compare to the description you wrote in answer to question six 
in chapter one? 


Chapter Three Glossary 

market segmentation - dividing the market into different portions based on 
differences in customers 

demographic dimensions – grouping potential customers on objective factors, 
for example, age/income/gender/ethnicity and level of education

psychographic dimensions – grouping potential customers on psychological 
factors including personality, life-style, and motivation for purchases

behavioristic (or intended use) dimension –used for market segmentation,  
this dimension relates to benefits sought and expected use by the customer

marketing strategy  - a marketing mix designed for and aimed at a specific 
target market




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